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Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

A few years ago a lone American campaigner wrote a book in which he set out the main points of his fascinating crusade¡ªto abolish television. His manifesto (ÐûÑÔ¡¢ÉùÃ÷) Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television is an American Cult bestseller, and after eight editions is still generating concern and savage debate in the United States.

Jerry Mander, a former advertising expert£¬is convinced that for the sake of our freedom, and mental and physical health, we should learn to live without Television. Through his advertising background Mander is aware of how much of television is concerned with advertising. He sees the planting of values for profit as a deep, profound and disturbing act by the few against many, for a trivial purpose. And, even without commercials, he sees TV as disturbing because it crams people's heads with images which alter the way they feel and behave. Pictures formed by 300,000 tiny dancing dots altering 30 times per second, bombard their eyes as people scan the images 10 times a second. But, argues Mander, even if you reject or doubt what you see consciously, it is too late, the crucial messages have gone home.

He further argues that TV is a deadening experience as it is restricted to just two senses¡ªsight and sound. Perception is dulled and flattened, says Mander, when you can't feel and smell and totally experience an event. People are just sitting passively for up to four hours a night watching a flickering screen and listening to artificial sound. ¡°No culture in history has spent such an enormous amount of time looking at artificial light," says Mander,¡°and another worrying fact is that prolonged exposure to artificial light alters human cells which is why it is being used for certain medical treatment." Researchers do not know if life¡ªlong TV exposure is a physical risk or not, but as Mander would argue, why run the risk? It is important that people get up now and switch off before the harm is done¡ªthey might also become brainwashed, or, who knows, even moribund (±ôËÀµÄ).

31. The book Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television written by Jerry Mander ______.

A. received extensive public attention and sold very well

B. was meant to arouse heated public debate

C. enjoyed popularity among those who live without TV

D. won nationwide support

32. Jerry Mander expressed strong objection to advertising on TV mainly because______.

A. the amount of profits brought in by commercials on TV is very insignificant

B. he sees the planting of values for profit as a disturbing act

C. children are more susceptible to the influence of TV commercials

D. people spend too much time on TV commercials to do something meaningful

33. Why does Jerry Mander see TV as a disturbing influence?

A. It is because people's eyes scan a TV screen 10 times a second.

B. It is because people's mind and behavior tend to be changed by TV.

C. It is because the conscious mind registers all images it perceives.

D. It is because it is ineffective in getting across its messages.

34. What does go home at the end of the second paragraph mean?

A. is taken indiscriminately B. is gone unnoticed

C. is taken for granted D. is perceived

35. Jerry Mander suggests that long periods of exposure to artificial light _____.

A. may cause brain damage

B. could lead to death

C. could endanger people's health

D. would alter the brain cells

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

Political institutions develop when the complexity of the society reaches the point at which kinship organization can no longer serve as an adequate mechanism for carrying out the political functions of the society. The following may be identified as political functions: (1) to protect the society from external threats; (2) to insure order in the society; (3) to resolve conflicts within the society, and (4) to allocate resources of the society.

In simple, homogeneous societies there seems to be widespread agreement on the values that underlie solutions to these social requirements. But complexity implies a measure of diversity of interests and values. Consensus cannot be taken for granted, for solutions that benefit one set of interests may have detrimental effects on another. Questions arise to challenge the assumption that there is a common interest and that universally satisfying solutions to problems can be devised: Whose interests need protection from external threats? Whose norms provide the basis for order? Whose interests are served in conflict resolution? Who gets what in resource allocation? Order at which price? Because people at different positions in the social order tend to offer different answers to such questions, choices among alternatives are necessary.

It is obvious, then, that control of the apparatus through which these decisions are made and implemented is of crucial import. The essence of political process is the struggle between individuals and groups with different interests to gain the decisionª²making power. Power refers to the ability of an individual or group to have its will carried out even in the face of opposition to it. In terms of political functions it means being in a position to determine the answers to questions issuing from social complexity that concern whose interests and values are to be addressed.

Conflict and functional theorists differ in their conceptions of political power. Functionalists assert that only through some concentration of power can collective goals be achieved. They view the state apparatus as a mechanism for accomplishing these positive goals. Conflict theorists, on the other hand, view the state as serving the ruling economic class and see its function as maintaining the dominance of this class.

36. What is the main topic of this passage?

A. The conception of the political institutions.

B. The difference between conflict and functional theorists.

C. The different positions the people stand in the social order.

D. The development of political institutions.

37. Which of the following may NOT be identified as political functions?

A. To protect the society from internal threats

B. To allocate resources of the society

C. To insure order in the society

D. To resolve conflicts within the society

38. The word ¡°homogeneous¡± in the first line of paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .

A. democratic B. primitive C. similar D. withdrawn

39. In the last sentence of paragraph 3, what does ¡°it¡± refer to?

A. Political functions

B. The essence of political process

C. Power

D. Different interests

40. What is the fundamental difference between conflict and functional theorists?

A. Conceptions of political institution

B. Conceptions of political power

C. Functions of the ruling class

D. Functions of the concentration of power